Eine Botanisch-Zoologische Rundreise auf der Iberischen Halbinsel.
Auf der Suche nach der Verlorenen Zeit
Von Horst Engels
Teil I - Einführung
4e.Süsswasser und Feuchtgebiete
Freshwater, wetland communities
Plant communities in these wetlands are surprisingly uniform throughout temperate Europe. The majority of species of pond, lake, marsh, bog, and river are very widespread and differ little over the greater part of Europe. As most of these freshwater wetland communities occur in the pluviose region of our area and as they have few species of special interest, a detailed summary of these communities will not be given in this volume.
Dennoch gibt es Unterschiede in den Vegetationsgemeinschaften der Süsswasser- und Feuchtgebiete, vor allem in den Vegetationsgemeinschaften der Flussufer und Polder, weshalb hier die Kartierungseinheiten der Karte der natürlichen Vegetation Europas von Bohn et al. (2004)[2] für die Formationen *R (Röhrichte und Riedsümpfe, Wasservegetation) (nur Südwestfrankreich) und U (Vegetation der Auen, Flußniederungen, Ästuarien und eingedeichten Marschen sowie sonstiger Feuchtstandorte) unseres Gebietes aufgeführt sind.
*R - Tall reed vegetation and tall sedge swamps, aquatic vegetation
*R1 - Freshwater tall reed swamps (Phragmites australis, Typha angustifolia, T. latifolia, Schoenoplectus lacustris, partly Cladium mariscus etc.)
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*R3 - Brackish water tall reed vegetation, alternating with salt meadows (Elymus repens, Alopecurus arundinaceus, Aeluropus littoralis, Puccinellia spp.) and halophytic herb communities (Salicornia europaea, Salsola mutica, Suaeda spp.)
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*U - Vegetation of flood-plains, estuaries and fresh-water polders and other moist or wet sites
*3 - Alluvial and wet lowland forests in the nemoral zone
*3.1 - Hardwood alluvial forests (Quercus robur, Ulmus laevis, U. minor, Fraxinus spp.) in combination with willow and poplar alluvial forests (Salix alba, S. fragilis, Populus nigra, P. alba) and wet lowland forests, partly only willow and poplar alluvial forests, of large river valleys
*U8 - French hardwood alluvial forests (Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. angustifolia, F. excelsior, Salix atrocinerea, Ulmus laevis, Quercus robur) in combination with willow and poplar alluvial forests (Salix alba, S. fragilis, Populus nigra)
*3.2 - Alder-ash forests (Fraxinus excelsior, Alnus glutinosa) and alder-pedunculate oak forests (Quercus robur, Alnus glutinosa, Prunus padus) of small river valleys and wet depressions in combination with moist oak-hornbeam forests (Carpinus betulus, Quercus robur) and alder carrs (Alnus glutinosa), partly with grey alder forests (Alnus incana) and sycamore-ash forests (Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus)
*U25 - Southwest French ash-alder forests (Alnus glutinosa, Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. angustifolia) with Salix atrocinerea
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*U27 - Submontane-montane grey alder forests (Alnus incana) in combination with alder-ash forests (Fraxinus excelsior, Alnus glutinosa) and sycamore-ash forests (Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus) in Central Europe and the Alps
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3.3 - Vegetation of estuaries and fresh water polders (Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur, Ulmus glabra)
U28 - Pedunculate oak-ash forests (Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus robur) and ash-elm forests (Ulmus glabra, Fraxinus excelsior), partly with Alnus glutinosa, and other potential natural vegetation of fresh water polders
4 - Mediterranean-sub-Mediterranean wet lowland and alluvial forests and scrub (Fraxinus angustifolia s. l., F. pallisae, Platanus orientalis, Phoenix theophrasti, Nerium oleander, Tamarix spp.)
U29 - Northwest Iberian supra-Mediterranean hardwood alluvial forests (Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. angustifolia, Ulmus minor, Quercus pyrenaica) in combination with willow and poplar alluvial forests (Populus nigra, Salix x rubens, Salix atrocinerea) (formerly U13a)
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U30 - Iberian meso- to thermo-Mediterranean hardwood alluvial forests (Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. angustifolia, Ulmus minor) in combination with willow and poplar alluvial forests (Populus alba, Salix atrocinerea, S. x rubens, Rubia tinctorum, partly Tamarix gallica)
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U31 - Gaditanian thermo-Mediterranean lowland and alluvial forests (Quercus canariensis, Alnus glutinosa, Ruscus hypophyllum, Rhododendron ponticum subsp. baeticum, Salix pedicellata) on siliceous soils
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U32 - Southeast Iberian (meso-) thermo-Mediterranean willow and poplar alluvial forests (Populus alba, Lonicera biflora) and scrub (Nerium oleander, Vitex agnus-castus, partly Tamarix canariensis) in valleys of periodically flowing streams and rivers
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*U33 - South French willow and poplar alluvial forests (Populus alba, P. nigra) with Iris foetidissima, Viola odorata in combination with Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. angustifolia-alluvial forests
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[1] Polunin, Oleg, and B. E. Smythies. Flowers of South-West Europe: A Field Guide. New edition edition. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
[2] ‘FloraWeb:
Daten Und Informationen Zu Wildpflanzen Und Zur Vegetation Deutschlands
Interaktive CD-ROM Zur Karte Der Natürlichen Vegetation Europas
(Maßstab 1 : 2 500 000).’ Accessed 8 June 2015.
http://www.floraweb.de/vegetation/hintergrundtexte_vegetationskarten_datenquellen.html.
http://www.floraweb.de/vegetation/hintergrundtexte_vegetationskarten_datenquellen.html.
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